Arran, James Hamilton, 3rd Earl Of
Earl of Arran who was twice considered as a husband both for Mary Stuart and for Henry VIII's daughter Elizabeth (afterward Elizabeth I). During his childhood these projects arose from his father's ambitions; later, when he had returned from commanding the Scots guards in France (1554 - 59) and had joined the lords of the congregation, the Protestants proposed him as suitor
Fisher, Dorothy Canfield
Canfield received a Ph.D. in Romance languages from Columbia University in 1904, a rare accomplishment for a woman of her generation. In 1907 she married John Redwood Fisher and, under the pen name Dorothy Canfield, published her first novel,
Mithradates Vi Eupator
Byname �Mithradates The Great � king of Pontus in northern Anatolia (120 - 63 BC). Under his energetic leadership, Pontus expanded to absorb several of its small neighbours and, briefly, contested Rome's hegemony in Asia Minor.
Osaka-kobe Metropolitan Area
Second largest urban and industrial agglomeration in Japan, located on Osaka Bay in west-central Honshu at the eastern end of the Inland Sea. The cities of Osaka and Kobe are at the centre of what is called by geographers the Hanshin Industrial Zone; as a result of the expansion of the urban area along the Inland Sea and northeast toward the city of Kyoto, the region is now
Abahai
Abahai was the eighth son of Nurhachi (1559 - 1626), the great Manchu leader who extended his people's rule over the tribes of the Inner Asian steppes and organized his tribesmen into a bureaucratic
Lead
City, Lawrence county, western South Dakota, U.S. It lies in the northern Black Hills, 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Rapid City. Situated just southwest of Deadwood at the head of Gold Gulch Run, it spreads out over the tops of the nearby hills. Established in 1876 following the discovery of gold, its name was inspired by the lode mines in the area, a ledge or outcrop of ore being termed a
Jiaguwen
Turtle carapaces and ox scapulae with inscriptions scratched into them were discovered about 1900 in the area of Xiaotun, a village in Henan province. In subsequent excavations, scholars uncovered extensive remains and conclusive evidence of the existence
Casserius, Julius
Casserius was a servant of Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente, professor of anatomy and surgery at the University of Padua. Instructed
Marprelate Controversy
Brief but well-known pamphlet war (1588 - 89) carried on by English Puritans using secret presses; they attacked the episcopacy as �profane, proud, paltry, popish, pestilent, pernicious, presumptious prelates.� The tracts, of which seven survive, never had the support of Puritan leaders and ceased when the presses were discovered by government agents. The identity of the author,
Indonesia, Flag Of
The flag, a simple design of red and white stripes, has a long history. It was first associated with the Majapahit empire, which flourished from the 13th to the 16th century
Low-temperature Phenomena, Specific heat and thermal conductivity
When a small amount of heat is put into a system, some of the energy is used to increase the lattice vibrations (an amount that is the
Qalyubiyah, Al-
Also spelled �Kalyubia, � small muhafazah (governorate), just north of Cairo at the apex of the Nile River delta, Lower Egypt. It is bounded on the northeast by Ash-Sharqiyah muhafazah and on the northwest by the Damietta Branch of the Nile. With a total area of 387 square miles (1,001 square km), it is densely populated. About three-fifths of its population relies on agriculture. The alluvial farmland is irrigated
Walther Von Der Vogelweide
Greatest German lyric poet of the Middle Ages, whose poetry emphasizes the virtues of a balanced life, in the social as in the personal sphere, and reflects his disapproval of those individuals, actions, and beliefs that disturbed this harmony. He was no respecter of persons: whoever came between him and his ideals, even the pope himself, received
Baladhuri, Al-
Al-Baladhuri lived most of his life in Baghdad and studied there and in Syria. He was for some time a favoured visitor at the Baghdad court of the 'Abbasid caliphs. His chief extant work, a condensation of a longer history, Futuh al-buldan (The Origins of the Islamic State, 1916, 1924), tells of the wars and
K�d�r, J�nos
Original name �J�nos Czermanik, Czermanik �also spelled �Csermanek � premier of Hungary (1956 - 58, 1961 - 65) and first secretary (1956 - 88) of Hungary's Communist Party who played a key role in Hungary's transition from the 1956 anti-Soviet government of Imre Nagy to the pro-Soviet regime that followed. K�d�r managed to convince the Soviet Union to withdraw its troops and allow Hungary a modicum of internal independence
Arrhenius Equation
Mathematical expression that describes the effect of temperature on the velocity of a chemical reaction, the basis of all predictive expressions used for calculating reaction-rate constants. In the Arrhenius equation, k is the reaction-rate constant, A and E are numerical constants characteristic of the reacting substances, R is the thermodynamic gas constant, and
United Arab Emirates
The union's economy is dominated by the petroleum produced in the Abu Dhabi and Dubayy emirates; it is estimated that reserves in Abu Dhabi will last until about the end of the 21st century, while those in Dubayy probably will run out sooner. The richest of the emirates, Abu Dhabi, contains nearly one-tenth of the world's oil reserves and contributes more than half of the
Har Rai
The contemplative Har Rai spent more time in spiritual exercises than in administrative or military duties, and he knew
Toulouse I, Ii, And Iii, Universities Of
French �Universit�s De Toulouse I, Ii, Et Iii� three autonomous coeducational state institutions of higher learning founded at Toulouse, Fr., in 1970 under the 1968 law reforming higher education, to replace the former University of Toulouse founded in 1229: the University of Social Sciences, specializing in law and economics; the University of Toulouse-le-Mirail, a liberal arts institution; and the University Paul-Sabatier,
Hinduism, Philosophical sutras and the rise of the six schools of philosophy
The most important of the Six Schools is the Vedanta (�End of the Vedas�), also called Uttara-Mimamsa, or later Mimamsa. The most renowned philosopher of this school and, indeed, of all Hinduism was Sankara
Byrd, William, Of Westover
His birthplace was the James River plantation home of his father, also named William Byrd, an Indian trader and slave importer. The boy went to school in England, travelled in Holland, and studied law in the Middle Temple, London.
Inland Sea
Japanese �Seto-naikai, � the body of water lying between the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It is composed of five distinct basins linked together by channels. Its east-west length is about 270 miles (440 km), and its waters are easily navigable. The sea has an irregular coastline and is dotted with hundreds of small islands, the largest of which is Awaji Island in the east. Entrance to
Norfolk
Laid out as a town in 1682 following
Pereira, Nuno �lvares, Blessed
Pereira distinguished himself in battle at age 13, fighting against the Castilians in their invasion of 1373. On the death of Ferdinand I of Portugal
Lorain, John
Lorain apparently went to the North American colony of Maryland when he was a child. After managing a farm there for many years; he moved in 1795 to
Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm
Hengstenberg studied at Bonn and at Berlin, where he was professor of theology most of his life. In 1827 he founded the Evangelische Kirchen-Zeitung (�Protestant
Stein, Edith
Born into an Orthodox Jewish family, Stein renounced her faith in 1904 and became
Lippisch, Alexander M(artin)
Lippisch designed the world's first successful rocket-propelled airplane (a tailless glider fitted with two solid-fuel rockets, flown June 11, 1928, in the Rh�n Mountains,
Shamanism, Forms of ecstasy
The shaman may fulfill his obligations either by communicating with the spirits at will or through ecstasy. The latter has two forms: possession ecstasy, in which the body of the shaman is possessed by the spirit, and wandering ecstasy, in which his soul departs into the realm of spirits. In passive ecstasy the possessed gets into an intense mental state and shows superhuman
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, usually owing to infection. The chief symptom is leukorrhea, i.e., the abnormal flow of a whitish or yellowish discharge from the vagina. The treatment of vaginitis depends on the cause of the inflammation. Several different microorganisms can produce vaginitis in women of reproductive age; atrophic vaginitis, caused by reduced estrogen
